DRUGS+IN+SPORT


 * What are the issues linked to drugs in sport in your country? **

Thanks to Eric (I like the example you give) and to Wandrille (thanks for the link too : very good) Can you inquire more about what Sofie tells us, since it happened in le Tour de France ? All the very best to everybody [alan monnier] __//By the students ://__

- At first you can go to see this satirical cartoon which show a cat behind his tv he say: "since we have establish the doping test i can't help thinking that the winner is systematically the one that want the more to go to toilet " If you don't understand don't worry i'm going to explain to you in England that's why we love comenuis no ??? the cartoon ( Eric : combourg, france )

The punishments go to 7 years of prison !
===[|the example] ===

Yes Eric, we LOVE Comenius! :-D
===Doping in competitions, such as Tour De France, can have seriously  consequences , and I really don't like it when people use them, becuase it is cheating and it isn't fair to the others.===


Athletes are so obsessed at the idea of breaking records they are led to use illegal means like drugs to achieve this. In France, we rarely talk about cycling without illegal drug use, that why here is another example: three French cyclists were kept in police custody further to an investigation for drug trafficking. [|Article]
 * By Louisa, France : **

** By pierre, france : **
====** The cyclist Alberto Contador after his win in the "Tour de France" in 2010, he was charged of doping by the International cycling Federation. But the Spanish cycling Federation wants to clear him. []**==== //__ ** Doping ** __//
 * By Carolin, Germany:**
 * information why some people taking drugs.**

In this presentation there is a lot of information about the definition of doping and the reasons for taking doping substances.

On the first slide you can read the question: “ What is doping?“. The answer is: Doping is the manipulation of human performance ( physical and mental), e.g. an improvement in stamina and an increase of self-confidence.

On the second slide there is a definition from 1963 but this does not include blood doping, gene doping and urine doping. On the following two slides there is a definition from 2004 from the world anti-doping agency and there these methods are included.

The next slide is about the personal reasons of doping like easing the huge pressure or fast pain recovery. Then, there are reasons from outside, too, e.g. the pressure from the media and the team.

// ** Blood doping: ** // if you do training at high altitude you can do a blood sample, because then the red blood cells are higher than normal. Before the competition you can have a transfusion of your own blood and the amount of oxygen transported is higher, because of the increased number of red blood cells.

// ** Urine doping: ** // for the prevention of a positive doping test. If you get controlled you can give third party urine, because there you will not leave your own urine.

// ** Gene doping: ** // that is when your own cells are transformed e.g. to get more muscles.

by Diana, Germany What is doping?

**__ Doping __**

Doping is an illegal help for improved performance with substances or methods. There are many different kinds of doping e.g. blood doping, gene doping, urine doping and doping with doping substances. Blood doping is very popular in endurance sports. Through this method the concentration of hemoglobin becomes higher with the help of blood transfusions. This way the athletes achieve an increase in the amount of oxygen transported. Gene doping is defined as ‘the non-therapeutic use of genes, genetic elements and/or cells that have the capacity to enhance athletic performance’.

Also smoking and alcohol count as doping in sports. The smoke of a cigarette contains apart from nicotine, carbon monoxide and tar as well as a lot of other substances like ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, lead and zinc. Nicotine can be short-term stimulating, but it can also have a calming effect, it may temporarily eliminate fatigue, listlessness and hunger. Tar affects the respiratory system and the lungs and it has a negative effect on the absorption of oxygen. When you smoke carbon monoxide gets into the blood and is tied to the red blood cells. This is the reason why a lower amount of oxygen is transported to the organs. The effect is faster fatigue during physical activity. Alcohol has a calming and relaxing effect as it anesthetizes the nerve cells. Alcohol affects the ability to react and the coordination of movement. Therefore there is a severe danger for the athlete and for his environment.

Doping is forbidden and it has the great disadvantage that it brings with it many dangerous side effects, for example multiple organ failure, thrombosis and a lot of other health problems.

The international organization WADA (World Anti-Doping-Agency) was established to combat doping in international sports: see http://www.wada-ama.org/

Side effects of DOPING

There  are a number of doping methods for different sports, for each performance. Doping is used for fast performance, but it also as many known side effects. Frequently doping leads to long -term effects, such as heart problems, which can lead to heart attacks. Doping also leads to all kinds of perception disability from coordination problems to metabolic disorders. Fatigue is the most common side effect that occurs immediately after the competition. The attached information sheet about possible side effects (Mögliche Nebenwirkungen) shows various doping substances and their side effects.

Marina, Germany

Andreas Muenzer

Andreas Muenzer, born October 25th 1964 in Pack in Austria, was an Austrian bodybuilder. He died at the age of 31 on March 14th 1996. His early death was due to multiple organ failure, the reason for this being years of most massive doping. Andreas Muenzer had been plagued by severe stomach pain. On March 13th 1996 his stomach pain became unbearable and he was sent to hospital. The doctors diagnosed blood / bleeding in the abdomen. In an operation the bleeding could be stopped, but Andreas Muenzer died, nevertheless, in the course of the night following the operation. The post mortem autopsy showed table- tennis-ball-sized tumors in one half of Andreas’ liver. The other half of his liver was reduced to a crumbly mass. The doctors found traces of about twenty different drugs and there was additional poisoning due to other stimulation substances.

** by Sara, Germany **
__The Effects of doping __ Different doping substances have different side effects which is why they are used only in certain sports. There is a compilation prepared by Laurent Rivier, Ph.D., Martial Saugny, Ph.D. and Professor Patrice Mangin for the International Cycling Union available on the net: [] entitled “Principal doping substances and their side effects”. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">The authors state that the goals for doping are numerous: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">“to stimulate, to calm, to numb the pain caused by a wound, to enhance performance, to reduce <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">inflammation, sometimes to suppress anxiety. As a result, many athletes have come to <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">believe that successful development in the world of sports is impossible without <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">pharmacologically active substances. There are not many drugs that such athletes wouldn't <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">take in order to improve performance, to feel calm or to feel better. Some people say that is <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">simply impossible to resist… <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0pt;">It is thus essential that all athletes, beginners and professionals alike, fully understand that <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">the use of a forbidden substance may have severe consequences.” (Introduction, page 1)

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">__Stimulants,__ like __Caffeine__, stimulate the central nervous system and increase activity in general and you can observe an increased readiness of taking risks, an increase in self-confidence, concentration and attention, raise of the fatigue threshold. They are therefore used in team sports and cycling. Another stimulant often used is __Cannabis__. It boosts self-confidence and aggressiveness. It is used in all kinds of sports.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">__Narcotics__ (like opiates and morphine derivatives) are very strong pain killers. They are often given whenever the sportsman or sportswoman is faced with very great pain while doing sports (e.g. boxing). Possible side effects are vomiting, memory loss and addiction.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">__Steroids__ (anabolic substances) affect muscle growth (they cause an extensive increase in the muscular mass) and among other effects they increase aggressiveness and serve to decrease body fat. They are used in the bodybuilding and fitness scene and in sports with different weight classes.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">__Beta-blockers__ have undesirable effects such as cardiac insufficiency, cardiac rhythm problems, and mood alterations with depressive tendencies. __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Beta-2 agonists __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> have some anabolic effects, improve coordination and concentration, and reduce body fat but promote a gain in weight, mainly in the form of muscle. They are used in sports whenever strength and speed are important. These drugs stimulate the airways in the lungs to open wider. By this more air can pass through. Side effects can be insomnia, anxiety and other health damage.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">__Diuretics__ dehydrate the body, may lead to cramps, cover other doping agents and raise the risk of renal function (kidney failure). As they have a dehydrating effect they are often used in sports with weight classes. They may be life threatening.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt;">__Peptide hormones__ (like Erythropoietin) are used for muscle growth and the reduction of fat; they lead to an increase of red blood cells which transport oxygen. It is used in endurance sports. Undesirable consequences can be for example thrombosis and skin reactions.

__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Corticosteroids __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> have a pain-relieving effect and are anti-inflammatory; the body shows a higher stress tolerance and greater willpower. They are used in sports with long duration. The possible side effects are severe: increase in blood sugar levels, increase in blood pressure, osteoporosis, eye disorders, etc. Corticosteroids can even lead to decrease or an arrest in the growth of young athletes. Sarah, Germany

By Barbara, France
====<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">How can a sporting think that taking drugs is a good mean to improve his performances ?! Well, sport is something you do to win ( I mean during competitions, not when you do a jogging on sunday morning ;) ), but is it a reason to cheat by takingdrugs ? You can't be proud of yourself if your performances are the result of those products. Sport is an activity where you can't cheat. Moreover, drugs destroy your body (go to the article about Andreas Muenzer), an your celebrity due to your wonderful performances will last only a few time in your life... Of course, intensive sports makes your body old earlier, but it's something natural, and drugs won't dispose this phenomenon. You have to accept the defeat, and work to get the victory by a fair mean... ====

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Unhappily, drugs can procreate dead. Drug is often linked with cycling... However, it tuches all sports. Footbal, athletism...but we don't heard about those case because there isn't real investigations. We heard about heart attacks, cancers... When does sport will be clean...? This article tells about several suspicious dead in the sporting world : [|Suspicious deads...]

<span style="font-family: Georgia,serif;">Florence Griffith-joyner... Heart attack or consequences of drugs ? Look at her body, it has changed very quickly... Steroids ? [|"Flo- Jo"]

[|the example] Here is an article on the doping
By Mélinda, France

=<span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-size: 24px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #e6ecf9; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #000000; display: inline; font-size: 24px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sinkewitz positive and suspended = <span style="color: #f0b800; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 2px;">**<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The International Cycling Union announced Friday the suspension of Patrik Sinkewitz following a positive doping control for growth hormones. ** <span style="clear: both; display: block; font-size: 1px; height: 1px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;"> <span style="display: block; float: left; margin-bottom: 8px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 8px; margin-top: 4px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: relative; text-align: center; width: 430px;"> <span style="background-color: #d9bf2a; color: #ffffff; display: block; font-size: 11px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px; padding-top: 4px;">//<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 11px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Patrick Sinkewitz is the first rider to be suspended for use of growth hormones. (EQ) <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px initial initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For the second time in his career, Patrik Sinkewitz is temporarily suspended following a positive doping control. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) announced that trace amounts of growth hormone were found in the blood of the rider. This is the first time that the detection of such a substance causes a suspension in cycling. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px initial initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The check in question was held last February 27 at the Grand Prix of Lugano. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px initial initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sinkewitz, which may require the analysis of sample B, must now wait to have his case tried by the German federation to learn more about his future in cycling. // <span style="clear: both; display: block; font-size: 1px; height: 1px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden;"> ===<span style="color: #f0b800; display: block; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Already suspended for 1 year === <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In 2007, the first time the German has tested positive for testosterone was. The rider had <span style="color: #f0b800; cursor: pointer; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline !important;">[|acknowledged his guilt] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> and <span style="color: #f0b800; cursor: pointer; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline !important;">[|cooperated extensively with authorities] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px initial initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px initial initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, which had enabled him being suspended for one year. <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; border: 0px initial initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Upon <span style="color: #f0b800; cursor: pointer; display: inline; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: underline !important;">[|his return to the road in January 2009] <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, Sinkewitz explained: " //<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">I made ​​mistakes, I know and I agree. I have to live with it and bear it. But am I not allowed to leave the past aside and make a fresh start? //<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> "The coming weeks will show whether the rider from the Farnese Vini was finally caught by his past. **<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Writing **<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px;"> =<span style="color: #000000; font-size: 12px; line-height: 17px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 18px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">By Vilde, Norway = <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: transparent; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; display: inline; font-size: 12px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">In Norway there is talked a lot about drugs in sport in the media, particularly in relation to the ski-sport. Under the ski world cup especially, that was a few weeks ago. Even though, it's rarely that any norwegian athlet get caught with drugs.